Real space imaging of one-dimensional standing waves: Direct evidence for a Luttinger liquid

Abstract

The use of position-resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy for the real space imaging of one-dimensional standing waves was analyzed. It was found that the screening effect due to the metallic substrate increased the Luttinger g parameter. The Luttinger liquid was found to be caused by the standing waves which were formed by separating spin and charge bosonic excitations. The results show that the increased group velocity of the charge excitation and the suppression of the density of states near the Fermi level could be observed from the two diferent standing waves.