The role of high-entropy materials and d-band center adjustments in supercapacitor development

Abstract

This review aims to explore methods to improve electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) to overcome their energy density limitations and maximize their inherent benefits. Biochar-based materials, known for their large active surface areas, can significantly enhance charge storage by increasing the accessible electrode surface. Advancements in collector design, focusing on high conductivity, low resistance, and strong electrode bonding, significantly improve EDLC performance. The choice of electrolyte composition is crucial as it directly influences ion mobility and adsorption properties, affecting energy density and reducing degradation over time. Adjusting the d-band and Fermi level, along with incorporating high-entropy materials, can enhance the intrinsic properties of electrode materials for improved conductivity and electrochemical stability. Biochar materials with high specific capacitance are being researched for their electrochemical performance. Doping materials on biochar surfaces can enhance stability and capacitance, while introducing heteroatoms and functional groups can enhance pseudo-capacitance capability in EDLC. Future research should focus on improving cycle stability of biomass-derived carbon-based supercapacitors. The strategies aim to enhance the energy storage capacity of EDLCs while maintaining their superior power density, cycle life, and stability, making them suitable for highdemand applications.