The time for revolutionizing small modular reactors: Cost reduction strategies from innovations in operation and maintenance

Abstract

This comprehensive review paper investigates the possibilities and prospects of operation and maintenance (O&M) technologies in small modular reactors (SMRs). The necessity for innovation within the regulatory restrictions is a primary concern. Artificial intelligence, digital twins, and robotics are emphasized as promising technologies for autonomous operation, real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and maintenance automation, respectively. The paper argues that these technologies can improve safety, increase economic efficiency, and enhance the competitiveness of SMRs. In addition, the paper proposes a methodology for performance verification that employs separate effect tests (SETs) and integral effect tests (IETs) facilities. A realistic roadmap is also provided, suggesting a six-year timeframe for the implementation and licensing of these technologies. By combining innovative technologies and regulatory considerations, the study proposes a future direction for SMRs' operation and maintenance. The final objective of this work is to provide insights into the current status of SMRs' O&M technologies, to suggest potential paths forward, and to make SMRs a more competitive choice in the global energy market. The conclusions drawn from this review can serve as a valuable guide for researchers, plant operators, and policymakers in the nuclear energy sector.