Understanding electrochemical reactions in energy storage by in-situ/operando analysis

Abstract

Extensive research for new energy storage materials has created a high demand for experimental techniques that can provide real-time, single-particle-level information on the dynamic electrochemical processes taking place at the electrode materials during battery charge/discharge cycles. In situ analysis on lithium ion batteries has offered exceptional opportunities for monitoring the dynamic processes of electrode materials during electrochemical reaction at both spatial and temporal resolution. In this special symposium, we invited various in situ/operando experts using diverse techniques. Here, I would like to introduce various in situ analyses on energy storage, such as various imaging techniques and spectroscopies. To develop battery materials over the current limitation, it is critical to understand their dynamic, time-dependent behavior under realistic stimuli and environmental conditions. Processes such as nucleation and growth, phase transformations at high pressures or temperatures, and chemical reactions at surfaces often define the properties and behavior of nanomaterials but conventional experiments fail to elucidate these processes at the nanoscale. Over the past decade, significant effort has been dedicated to developing in situ and operando instrumentation and techniques to probe such processes in battery materials. In situ experiments offer more tangible information for relevant applications than traditional ex situ analysis, and they provide a unique real-time glimpse into fascinating and complex materials mechanisms. These studies will contribute to improved design of battery structures at the electrode level for high-performance energy storage in the near future.