Abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial communities in the western Pacific and Southern Oceans

Abstract

This study investigated the abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the composition of bacterial communities along a transect covering the western Pacific Ocean (36 degrees N) to the Southern Ocean (74 degrees S) using the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon (total cruise distance: 14,942 km). The relative abundances of ARGs and bacteria were assessed with quantitative PCR and next generation sequencing, respectively. The absolute abundance of ARGs was 3.0 x 10(6) +/- 1.6 x 10(6) copies/mL in the western Pacific Ocean, with the highest value (7.8 x 10(6) copies/mL) recorded at a station in the Tasman Sea (37 degrees S). The absolute abundance of ARGs in the Southern Ocean was 1.8-fold lower than that in the western Pacific Ocean, and slightly increased (0.7-fold) toward Terra Nova Bay in Antarctica, possibly resulting from natural terrestrial sources or human activity. beta-Lactam and tetracycline resistance genes were dominant in all samples (88-99%), indicating that they are likely the key ARGs in the ocean. Correlation and network analysis showed that Bdellovibrionota, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Margulisbacteria, and Proteobacteria were positively correlated with ARGs, suggesting that these bacteria are the most likely ARG carriers. This study highlights the latitudinal profile of ARG distribution in the open ocean system and provides insights that will help in monitoring emerging pollutants on a global scale.