군사 개혁가 볼프 폰 바우디신(Wolf von Baudissin)과 1950년대 서독 연방군 개혁

Abstract

his paper discusses the debate on the formation of the West German military by focusing on the activity and ideas of the military reformer Wolf von Baudissin in the 1950s. For the most part, the critical debates about the West German army before the 1968 revolution have tended to center around the question of close affinity between the Wehrmacht, the military under the Nazi dictatorship, and the Bundeswehr, the West German army. This paper proposes to understand this relationship in the context of the conflict between continued authoritarianism within the German military and the drive to democracy in postwar German society. The military reformer Baudissin was placed under two conflicting pressures. On the one hand, he was under the persistent influence of the conservatives within the military. On the other hand, he had to struggle for the existence of the German military itself, since most of the West German people were exhausted with the military during the Nazi dictatorship. The ideas of Baudissin, ‘regulation by inner feeling’ and ‘the citizen in uniform’ constituted the backbone of the Himmeroder protocol, the so-called Magna Carta of the German military, and the law on soldiers which was enacted in 1956. The fact that his reformative ideas could be ratified tremendously helped the reluctant German people to accept the remilitarization. Ironically, this success in enactment of his ideas undermined his position within the Defense Ministry: he couldn’t maintain his position in the Defense Ministry which was dominated by the conservative wing, because the antipathy toward the military provided strong support for the democratization of the German military. Although he was forced take a step back from the Defense Ministry, his reformative ideas were repeatedly referred to and became the foundation for subsequent military reform.