Roles of Fe-N-X and Fe Fe-Fe3C@C Species in Fe-N/C Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Abstract

Iron and nitrogen codoped carbons (Fe-N/C) have emerged as promising nonprecious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). While Fe-N-x sites have been widely considered as active species for Fe-N/C catalysts, very recently, iron and/or lion carbide encased with carbon shells (Fe-Fe3C@C) has been suggested as a new active site for the ORR However, most of synthetic routes to Fe-N/C catalysts involve high-temperature pyrolysis, which unavoidably yield both Fe-N-x and Fe-Fe3C@C species, hampering the identification of exclusive role of each species. Herein, in order to establish the respective roles of Fe-N-x and Fe-Fe3C@C sites we rationally designed model catalysts via the phase conversion reactions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes. The resulting catalysts selectively contained Fe-N-x, Fe-Fe3C@ C, and N-doped carbon (C-N-x) sites. It was revealed that Fe-N-x sites dominantly catalyze ORR via 4-electron (4 e(-)) pathway, exerting, a major role for high ORR activity, whereas Fe-Fe3C@C sites mainly promote 2 e(-) reduction of oxygen followed by 2 e(-) peroxide reduction, playing an auxiliary role.