Tiny Plastics, Massive Consequences: The Environmental and Health Crisis of Micro (Nano) Plastics

Abstract

Plastics are indispensable yet problematic in today's world, with annual global production surpassing 367 million tons and only 9% being recycled. The environmental degradation of plastics results in microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), which contaminate ecosystems from the polar regions to deep oceans and urban atmospheres. These particles pose multifaceted risks: ecological toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial organisms, soil health disruption, and adverse effects on human health, including immunity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and developmental issues. This review comprehensively assesses micro (nano) plastics (MNPs) contamination, their environmental and health impacts, and current remediation strategies. It evaluates mechanical, chemical, and biological remediation approaches, highlighting their limitations and research gaps. Additionally, it examines policy interventions and regulatory frameworks essential for managing MNP pollution. Despite advancements in detection technologies and remediation techniques, significant challenges remain in establishing effective, scalable, and sustainable solutions. This study underscores the need for integrated strategies combining technological innovation, policy enforcement, and public awareness to mitigate MNP contamination. Addressing these gaps is crucial for achieving long-term environmental sustainability and human health protection.