Hybrid of Indolizine and Merocyanine-A New Class of Organelle-Specific Dyes

Abstract

Unlocking the potential of electron-rich 2-hydroxyindolizines led to the discovery of a new class of dyes-indolizine-merocyanines (IndMer) and indolizine-cyanines. Tandem Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution afforded structurally diverse dyes, as both the nucleophilic and electrophilic partners can be broadly modified. A convergent fragment coupling strategy allowed rapid access to these pi-conjugated merocyanines in three steps from pyridines. Uniform distribution of the HOMO and LUMO combined with negligible change of dipole moment upon excitation is responsible for the intense orange or red emission of this new family of reasonably photostable dyes in a broad range of solvents. The new merocyanine dyes have the potential to target a variety of organelles-both uncharged and positively charged indolizine-merocyanines localize a subset of cellular lysosomes, positively charged indolizine-cyanine hybrid accumulates in mitochondria, while coumarin-merocyanine shows context-dependent localization to mitochondria and RNA-rich nucleoli of the living cells.