A deep learning framework for virtual continuous glucose monitoring and glucose prediction based on life-log data

Abstract

While continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has revolutionized metabolic health management, widespread adoption remains limited by cost constraints and usage burden, often resulting in interrupted monitoring periods. We propose a deep learning framework for glucose level inference that operates independently of prior glucose measurements, utilizing comprehensive life-log data. The model employs a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network with an encoder-decoder architecture, incorporating dual attention mechanisms for temporal and feature importance. The system was trained on data from 171 healthy adults, encompassing detailed records of dietary intake, physical activity metrics, and glucose measurements. The encoder's hidden state as latent representations were analyzed for distributions of patterns of glucose and life-log sequences. The model showed a 19.49 +/- 5.42 (mg/dL) in Root Mean Squared Error, 0.43 +/- 0.2 in correlation coefficient, and 12.34 +/- 3.11 (%) in Mean Absolute Percentage Eror for current glucose level predictions without any information of glucose at the inference step. The distribution of latent representations from the encoder showed the potential differentiation for glucose patterns. The model's ability to maintain predictive accuracy during periods of CGM unavailability has the potential to support intermittent monitoring scenarios for users.