Enteric glial cells favor accumulation of anti-inflammatory macrophages during the resolution of muscularis inflammation

Abstract

Monocyte-derived macrophages (M phi s) are crucial regulators during muscularis inflammation. However, it is unclear which micro-environmental factors are responsible for monocyte recruitment and anti-inflammatory M phi differentiation in this paradigm. Here, we investigate M phi heterogeneity at different stages of muscularis inflammation and determine how environmental cues can attract and activate tissue-protective M phi s. Results showed that muscularis inflammation induced marked alterations in mononuclear phagocyte populations associated with a rapid infiltration of Ly6c(+) monocytes that locally acquired unique transcriptional states. Trajectory inference analysis revealed two main pro-resolving M phi subpopulations during the resolution of muscularis inflammation, i.e. Cd206(+) MhcII(hi) and Timp2(+) MhcII(lo) M phi s. Interestingly, we found that damage to the micro-environment upon muscularis inflammation resulted in EGC activation, which in turn stimulated monocyte infiltration and the consequent differentiation in anti-inflammatory CD206(+) M phi s via CCL2 and CSF1, respectively. In addition, CSF1-CSF1R signaling was shown to be essential for the differentiation of monocytes into CD206(+) M phi s and EGC proliferation during muscularis inflammation. Our study provides a comprehensive insight into pro-resolving M phi differentiation and their regulators during muscularis inflammation. We deepened our understanding in the interaction between EGCs and M phi s, thereby highlighting pro-resolving M phi differentiation as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.