Fabrication of Hierarchical, Porous, Bimetallic, Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks with the Incorporation of Square Planar Pd and Its Catalytic Application

Abstract

Bimetallic zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) containing two different metal ions can exhibit superior performances when applied in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, we present a facile one-pot synthesis method for PdCo-ZIFs with various Pd/Co ratios, where Pd(II) ions are successfully incorporated into the Co node sites of the ZIF structure. The local structure of the bimetallic ZIFs was comprehensively investigated by pore-structure, Xray absorption fine structure, and in situ CO adsorption Fourier transform infrared analyses. The results demonstrated that the framework comprises different coordination geometries of Co (tetrahedral) and Pd (square planar) ions connected by the benzimidazolate ligand. Notably, the inherently nonporous, 2D Co-ZIF structure was transformed into a hierarchical porous structure, and the PdCo-ZIFs exhibited a significantly increased concentration of defects and distorted Co sites. Based on these results, the catalytic performances of the synthesized ZIFs in the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides were evaluated under a cocatalyst and solvent-free conditions. The PdCo-ZIFs exhibited significantly higher catalytic activity (maximum turnover frequency, TOF = 2501 h-1) than Co-ZIF (TOF = 65 h-1) and Pd-ZIF (no activity), which revealed that the undercoordinated Co sites with distorted structure are the active sites rather than the incorporated Pd ions. This study provides a facile one-pot method for synthesizing bimetallic ZIFs with mixed-coordination modes, hierarchical porous structures, and modified defect concentrations, which would expand the library of structurally diverse bimetallic ZIFs toward various applications.