Emergence of the giant out-of-plane Rashba effect and tunable nanoscale persistent spin helix in ferroelectric SnTe thin films

Abstract

A non-vanishing electric field inside a non-centrosymmetric crystal transforms into a momentum-dependent magnetic field, namely, a spin–orbit field (SOF). SOFs are of great use in spintronics because they enable spin manipulation via the electric field. At the same time, however, spintronic applications are severely limited by the SOF, as electrons traversing the SOF easily lose their spin information. Here, we propose that in-plane ferroelectricity in (001)-oriented SnTe thin films can support both electrical spin controllability and suppression of spin dephasing. The in-plane ferroelectricity produces a unidirectional out-of-plane Rashba SOF that can host a long-lived helical spin mode known as a persistent spin helix (PSH). Through direct coupling between the inversion asymmetry and the SOF, the ferroelectric switching reverses the out-of-plane Rashba SOF, giving rise to a maximally field-tunable PSH. Furthermore, the giant out-of-plane Rashba SOF seen in the SnTe thin films is linked to the nano-sized PSH, potentially reducing spintronic device sizes to the nanoscale. We combine the two ferroelectric-coupled degrees of freedom, longitudinal charge and transverse PSH, to design intersectional electro-spintronic transistors governed by non-volatile ferroelectric switching within nanoscale lateral and atomic-thick vertical dimensions.