Nanoscale patterning in block copolymer (BCP) thin films is one of the key issues in nanoscience and nanotechnology. To make useful nanoscale patterns in applications such as magnetic media, wire-grid polarizer, and opto-electronics, the control of orientation and lateral ordering of BCP microdomains is required. The generation of highly ordered and oriented cylindrical microdomains in BCP thin films will be discussed. This is followed by a review of applications of nanoscale patterns like fabrication of nanoporous templates, metallic nanowires, and the preparation of nanostructured inorganic materials.